Jose Lucio

the report’s structure which will approach the following sequential topics:
a) First, a theoretical state-of-the-art background on poverty, exclusion and homelessness, deepening the research developed in the context of the previous exploratory project (September, 2008 to September, 2009).
b) Second, an approach to the concepts and methodologies behind the evaluation of social programs, with specific care for those established in the ambit of homelessness alleviation programs.
c) Third, an evaluation of the strategies developed to support Lisbon’s homeless population, where a comparison between older (shelter-oriented) and newer and innovative strategies (e.g. those based in Housing First Programs) will be produced.

This exploratory project was born in the aftermath of the meetings held with the town councilor responsible for social action in Lisbon’s City Council. Throughout those meetings,  the  councilor’s  interest  in  collaborating with E-GEO  regarding  the  in-depth revision of the current framework of social policies adopted by the municipality became apparent. Therefore, it is this project’s intended purpose to work further on an issue of major  importance  within  local  social policies  and,  simultaneously,  obtain  profit  and economies  of  scale  and  time,  considering  how  this  work  will  benefit  from  the collaboration between E-GEO and Lisbon’s City Council.

The present report corresponds to an analysis of poverty alleviation strategies that are taking place in Sonoma County – California / United States of America.

The report is divided in two main parts: in the first, we proceed to a theoretical framework, in which we study several issues related with poverty and poverty alleviation. We discuss a wide range of issues such as causes of poverty and its consequences, both economic and social. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in USA, poverty studies known an important increase right after the War on Poverty, which was declared by former American President Lyndon Johnson in the year of 1964.

One of the main conclusions in the theoretical approach appears to be the rising of a new group of poor people. Traditionally, the poor were identified with the unemployed, there is, with that specific group within a society that was incapable of finding a suitable job. Today, in modern societies, things start to change dramatically. The emergence of a new category, the so-called Working Poor, puts on evidence that new strategies are required in order to fight poverty, one of the most awful social diseases of the XXI century.

In order to explain this new phenomenon, it is necessary to understand how job markets work these days. At the bottom of scale it is growing in importance the number of workers that doesn’t earn enough money to live according to decent standards of living. This way, the compression of salaries explains, in a significant way, the existence of this new class: the Working Poor.

The Sonoma County can be considered as a good example of all these new social facts that we described in the theoretical approach. It is possible to identify among the residents in Sonoma, a group of people that holds a regular job, but that is incapable of breaking the chains of poverty.

In Sonoma, there is an important tradition of social work in a volunteer basis. Therefore, it is not a surprise, the fact that there are 300 social organizations located in Sonoma. Of these 300 groups, 15% are dedicated exclusively to the support of the poor people. The remaining 85% corresponds to groups that are partially dedicated to social work related with poverty alleviation.

In Sonoma the critical areas are related with housing, food, access to health services and family support. No surprising, those are, precisely, the main areas where the civic groups develops the majority of their social work.

When it comes to Portugal, we think the main inferences that we can take to the Portuguese case are the following: it is vital to maintain a strong vigilance in order to avoid the appearance and the increase of the so-called New Poverty. On the other hand, it will be necessary to propose new strategies, capable of dealing with the new faces of the XXI century poverty.

The present study proposes an explanatory/critical view  of participation as linked to the reduction of poverty in a local context.

The Social Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church provided some intellectual background to the critical perspective on the work carried out  by institutions such as CEB’s (Local Community Groups connected with the Roman Catholic Church) and Citizen Groups.   

The work is divided into five major chapters:
·  In the second chapter we present the major theories regarding Development: Stages of Growth, Structural Change, Dependency models and the theory of endogenous growth;
·  In the  third chapter we discuss some aspects of poverty, such as the definition of the concept, measurement, Pove rty Lines and Policies that promote the eradication of poverty;
·  In the fourth chapter we present the perspective of the Social Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church,  on some aspects of poverty and on social work in local communities;
·  In the fifth chapter we made an  historical and geographical  analysis of the development patterns in Brazil, the State of São Paulo and the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo; at the same time, the role of civic organizations (private and public) in the State of São Paulo is also under study;
·  The sixth chapter is a case-study: an analysis of the work carried out by local groups in Diadema (a local municipality  on  the industrial periphery of São Paulo, known as ABCD).

Finally, we discuss some of the possibilities which lie open  to the future work of local institutions, such as the Political Council,  organized citizen groups and  the CEB´s.

RESUMO: O nosso planeta é composto em grande parte por oceanos, sendo estes uma das últimas fronteiras que a comunidade mundial procura conhecer e explorar. Quer a UE quer Portugal estão focados em transformar a economia marítima numa importante fonte de riqueza dado que os recursos oceânicos podem ser um foco dinamizador de um vasto leque de atividades. Portugal tem assumido um papel muito ativo no desenvolvimento da PMI (Politica Marítima Integrada) da UE, assim como na nova Estratégia Marítima da UE para a área do Atlântico. Esta estratégia tem como prioridade proteger o Oceano e explorar de forma sustentável o seu potencial, criando um modelo de desenvolvimento assente no Crescimento Sustentável. A aposta nas atividades ligadas ao mar e a nossa localização marítima podem potencializar e fazer crescer o nosso papel como nação marítima e uma das mais importantes portas de entrada para a UE. Palavras-Chave: 1ªEstratégia; 2ªValorização;3ª Desenvolvimento; 4ªPorto de Sines. ABSTRACT: Our planet is composed largely by oceans, these being one of the last frontiers that the world community seeks to know and explore. Both the EU and Portugal are focused on transforming the maritime economy as an important source of wealth since the ocean resources can be a dynamic focus of a wide range of activities. Portugal has taken a very active role in the development of the IMP (Integrated Maritime Policy) of the EU, as well as the new Maritime Strategy for the Atlantic area. This strategy has as a priority to protect the ocean and sustainably exploit its potential, creating a development model based on sustainable growth. The investment in activities related to the sea, plus our good location can enhance and grow our role as a maritime nation and as one of the most important gateways to the EU.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze Portugal’s capacity to manage, explore, take benefit and guarantee safety and security in its extended continental shelf. The analysis will be structured according to three different dimensions: a) a theoretical survey over the issues related with the management of an extended continental shelf; b) the expected impact of maritime changes both in policies and infrastructures; c) which are the needed conditions so that Portugal will be able to promote and to guarantee a set of safe and security conditions in its extended continental shelf area. The methodology chosen was the Delphi survey ac-complished in two rounds, followed by interviews to the so-called “super-experts”, designed around four sets of questions, divided as follows: (i) advantages/impact of the enlargement of the Portuguese continental shelf; (ii) conditions for management/maximizing returns; (iii) identification of major weaknesses and threats; (iv) measures and policies proposals.

Na década de noventa assistiu-se em Portugal a uma intensa produção de documentos de ordenamento territorial, com particular destaque para os designados Planos Directores
Municipais (PDM’s). Tendo em consideração a urgência da sua produção (recorde-se que os municípios que não possuíssem PDM aprovado e plenamente eficaz, não teriam acesso a determinados apoios, enquadrados, por exemplo, sob a forma de contratos programa) e o quadro temporal em que decorreu a sua elaboração, percebe-se que as questões de planeamento físico assumissem uma clara primazia em desfavor de outro tipo de leituras territoriais, com particular destaque para o domínio estratégico.

Dez anos decorridos após a segunda vaga de PDM’s, os municípios portugueses lançam-se, desde já, no processo de revisão destes mesmos planos. A leitura crítica do processo de
elaboração dos PDM’s em vigor e o ganho de consciência que não é possível desligar uma política de planeamento físico de uma reflexão estratégica determinaram, em grande parte,
que no quadro das revisões se atribua um peso considerável ao domínio do desenvolvimento.

Key words: Geography, Mathematics, Education

The main goal to the current proposal is related with an analysis of the relationship between two sciences: geography and mathematics. This way, it is possible to define three main objectives to our presentation:

a) to analyze how mathematics contributed for the development of Geography as an academic discipline;
b) to present some data that will allow a better understanding about the way (in Portugal) Geographical education included/excluded mathematics has a core element in its curriculum;
c) To propose some concrete measures that should reinforce the scientific links between these two sciences inside the Portuguese Academic Community;

Taking into account the Conference’s main theme, this presentation will try to bring to discussion the nature of scientific relationships between two different disciplines. On the other hand, we will try to demonstrate that the reinforcement of scientific links between two academic disciplines can bring some advantages to scientific knowledge, as a whole.

The present article deals with the concepts of Industrial Districts and Clusters.

The main idea behind our analysis is to study in which measure the so called "ABCD Paulista" can be considered as an Industrial District or a Cluster. We try to analyze the main organizational patterns of the industrial activity in the four municipalities that
compound the ABCD Paulista. In the same line of reasoning we discuss several possible changes towards the near future, including the impacts of changes in local taxes.

Keywords: ABCD Paulista - Industrial Districts - Clusters

A  organização  da  Conferência  Internacional  -  O  Combate  à  Pobreza  e  à  Exclusão Social: Estratégias para o Século XXI –  teve como principal elemento de referência, a
noção  de  que  os  últimos  dez/quinze  anos  têm  vindo  a  testemunhar  alterações significativas nos designados padrões clássicos da pobreza, nomeadamente da exclusão em  meio  urbano.  Assim,  as  causas,  consequências  e manifestações  da  pobreza  e  da exclusão encontram-se em profunda alteração. Para novas causas são necessárias novas
estratégias ou orientações.

For the first time in human history more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. None of the world’s myriad problems can any longer be solved without addressing this new urban global reality. It is going to be impossible to mitigate or adapt to climate change, prevent the spread of global disease pandemics, stop regional wars, thwart terrorism, end hunger, etc. unless we take the increasingly urban context of these problems into proper account. Complicating this is the reality that urban life does not stand still. Most of the predicted growth in global urban populations will be of people living in extreme poverty in the world’s poorest countries. That is the scenario if we do nothing to change the trend. The social and economic problems of this spreading urban poverty significantly complicate finding solutions to the world’s grave and global challenges.

Of the more than three billion present urban residents, approximately one-third of them or one billion now live in conditions of dire poverty. By 2020 that number will increase by 600,000 million to 1.6 billion and by 2030 it will be approximately 2 billion.

A  presente  comunicação  é  resultado  de  um  conjunto  de  reflexões  desenvolvidas  em torno  de  alguns  eixos  fundamentais  de  um  projecto  ainda  em  curso,  o  Projecto
Inserções.  Partindo  do  reconhecimento  da  multidimensionalidade  e  da  crescente complexidade dos fenómenos de exclusão social, delineou-se um projecto que pretende englobar  não  apenas  uma  dimensão  de  investigação  e  de  investigação-acção,  mas também de sensibilização, de participação e de envolvimento tanto das entidades ligadas ao combate à exclusão social, como dos destinatários da sua intervenção.

A  produção  de  conhecimento  sobre  as  regularidades,  mas  também  sobre  as singularidades  que  caracterizam  os  grupos  socialmente  excluídos  ou  vulneráveis  à
exclusão,  bem  como  de  conhecimento  sobre  a  actuação  das  entidades  que  com  eles trabalham,  constituem-se  como  elementos  indispensáveis  para  o  desenho  de  uma
intervenção social que se afigura cada vez mais urgente, mas que se exige cada vez mais qualificada e eficaz.

Em  termos de objecto de  investigação, o Projecto  Inserções  incide sobre os concelhos da Guarda, Castelo Branco, Covilhã  e  Seia,  pelo  facto  de  neles  estarem  sedeados  os maiores centros urbanos da Beira  Interior, e de  ser neles que ocorre um número mais significativo e uma maior diversidade de  fenómenos de exclusão.

The 1990’s radical reforms of the Indian Economy opened the business enterprises of the nation to the global economy.  In the post-liberalization era which followed successful poverty alleviation strategies needed to deviate from norms established in the post- Indian Independence development period when much attention and resources were turned to social welfare.  New ways to empower and assist poor populations involving strategies viable in the market were sought.  Dependence on long-term, deep state subsidy, and governmental administrative and marketing structures which characterized effort in earlier development eras, were no longer viable. Economic development/poverty alleviation efforts needed to be self-sustaining and entrepreneurial.  Self help, profitability and longer term sustainability are the mantras of the current climate of poverty alleviation strategies which need to go hand-in-hand with consideration of social welfare and equity. 

This paper describes one grass roots effort which meets the above criterion and which has assisted municipalities in creating greener more sustainable futures.  Stree Mukti Sanghatana, a non-governmental organization, has assisted women rag pickers in the Mumbai (formerly Bombay) metropolitan area to more effectively and profitably engage in solid waste collection.  They have: 1) Organized solid waste sorting at municipal dump sites; 2) Taken on solid waste disposal and recycling contracts in privately owned housing colonies and large corporations, taking care of their solid waste on-site, off-grid, in more hygienic and less polluting ways; 3) Adopted innovations which have included: installation and use of bio-gas digesters for processing organic waste and generating usable methane gas;  4) Adopted construction and use of bio-gas digester prototypes which are scale appropriate to site and efficient; 5)  Utilized enriched soil from bio-digesters to develop nursery beds to grow and sell plants for landscaping, and, 6) Established contractual relationships with Tetra Pak, a multinational corporation, to recycle Tetra Pak’s juice boxes which are constructed of layers of paper board, aluminum and polyethylene.  Their efforts contribute to reducing the volume of solid waste that must be disposed of by the municipal waste management system. 

Women rag pickers have continued to seek out, with SMS’s help, new ways to innovate and increase profitability.  These efforts have resulted in a number of soft-system gains as follows:

1. Women rag pickers have upgraded their social status with symbolic and functional changes such as use of clean uniforms which identify them as part of the group servicing a site; use of gloves, face masks, and other protective devices; and use of improved solid waste collection tools.  There is a sense of dignity and respect for the person which is communicated by the use of these tools.
2. Women rag pickers have attained leadership and team building skills and learned to work in cooperative groups that have brought them recognition and a higher social standing as well as increased remuneration.   
3. Women rag pickers have learned to interface and work with middle and upper class households, corporations and the city to negotiate the terms under which they will provide solid waste disposal services and to ask for cooperation and compliance in the manner in which waste is sorted and handed over to the rag pickers. 
4. Women rag pickers have, to some extent, professionalized their services and become adept at delivering on the more profitable contracts they have negotiated with municipal corporations and multinational corporations.

However there are some significant limitations to this effort.  Large scale use of informal sector service providers, such as Mumbai’s woman rag pickers, extensively and systemically to help with solid waste collection in metropolitan Mumbai will require formulation and codification of structured relationships between municipal government, the informal sector organizations, and NGO’s.  To grow and assume a system-wide presence NGO’s must forge collaborative arrangements with municipalities in Metropolitan Mumbai to obtain larger scale contracts for solid waste sorting and processing.  Enlarging the provision of such services to the private sector, and the multi-national, global, corporate sector is also needed.  Such growth can more substantially improve the lives of the rag pickers and can at the same time assist cities to move to greener and more sustainable futures.  In this paper some of the parameters that have made for success and the organization and relationships that must be established if this success is to be replicated, and grow beyond one organization and permeate the solid waste collection process for a major city, are discussed.  Worth considering is how cultural, social and political systems in particular countries have to be factored in to a successful approach.

Strategic objectives

Building our Brand – Building a Sustainable Business
Truly differentiated and sustainable brand for making responsible leadership

Building Leaders – Building Business
Strong pipeline of quality next generation leaders to shape the future

Unlocking Performance – Embracing Diversity
Full potential of our diverse network across organisational and national boundaries

Programme Benefits

Participant
Personal development
Responsible Leaders
Leadership Vision
Network – Local and Global
Cross-cultural integration
Branding – Position PwC
Dialogue - current and future

A  Fundação  Calouste  Gulbenkian  é  uma  instituição  portuguesa  de  direito  privado  e utilidade pública, cujos fins estatutários são a Arte, a Beneficência, a Ciência e a Educação.

Criada por disposição testamentária de Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, os seus estatutos foram aprovados pelo Estado Português a 18 de Julho de 1956.

A  acção  da  Fundação,  ao  longo  dos  seus  50  anos  de  vida,  no  quadro  da  finalidade estatutária  Beneficência  tem  sido  desenvolvida,  sobretudo,  nos  domínios  da  Saúde,  da Assistência Social e do Desenvolvimento Humano.

A inserção das misericórdias num volume como este pressupõe o reconhecimento de que se trata de uma instituição que desempenhou um papel  importante na história de Portugal no que  toca  à  organização  da  assistência  aos  pobres  e  excluídos. Por  outro  lado,  trata-se  de uma instituição viva, e os seus responsáveis tem estado atentos à vaga de estudos históricos sobre as misericórdias e todos aqueles que estas envolveram: pobres, nas suas mais diversas tipologias e definições, e menos pobres, até aos mais ricos, que nelas pontificaram sempre como  irmãos.  Falamos  hoje  de  exclusão  social  e  de  solidariedade,  de  desigualdades económicas  e  de  processos  de  auto-exclusão;  no  passado,  como  veremos,  usavam-se
expressões  diferentes  que  se  referiam  a  realidades  também  diferentes,  embora  se reportassem sempre a situações de desigualdade que subsistem nos dias de hoje. Obras de misericórdia,  caridade,  beneficência,  pobres,  mendigos  e  vadios,  pobres  envergonhados, órfãs e dotadas, presos pobres: muitas destas palavras perderam impacto na realidade actual e  deixaram  de  se  lhe  adequar,  precisamente  porque  se  referem  a  um  passado  do  qual sobrevivem apenas vestígios que o historiador está apto a interpretar e traduzir para os seus leitores. É esse esforço que nos propomos  fazer aqui, o de enquadrar a  longa história das misericórdias nos diferentes momentos da história de Portugal.

In the U.S. in the early 1980s, homelessness began to attract broad public interest and concern as the number of people without homes grew and the phenomena became more
visible to the general population.  While early on many expected homelessness to end quickly, it is now evident that homelessness has not disappeared.  To the contrary, the
number of individuals and families has increased almost consistently ever since homelessness was acknowledged as a social problem.

O  Projecto  “P’lo  Sonho  é  que  Vamos”  tem  como  objectivo  central  o  reforço  do empowerment  da  AMUCIP  –  Associação  para  a  Promoção  das  Mulheres  Ciganas
Portuguesas  –  e  de,  através  desta  associação,  criar  respostas  transferíveis  para  a conciliação da vida profissional e familiar e o percurso escolar das pessoas ciganas, num bairro do Concelho do Seixal.

No  Projecto  parte-se  de  uma  noção  de  exclusão  social  como  negação  dos  direitos  de cidadania,  isto  é,  admite-se  que  “numa  sociedade  existem  instituições  e  políticas
públicas  de  carácter  universal  que  correspondem  a  direitos  fundamentais. Mas  nessa sociedade,  factores  de  natureza  económica  e  social,  e  a  própria  orientação  e  gestão política económica e social e o funcionamento das instituições pode excluir socialmente indivíduos  e  grupos  do  exercício  pleno  dos  seus  direitos  de  cidadania”  (Pereirinha, coord, 1999).

City  centers go  through  cycles of growth, decline and  revitalization, but not everybody benefits equally. The main research question discussed in this paper is: how has the city
of Phoenix addressed its homelessness issues? Using Phoenix as a case study, this paper uses  an  eclectic  array  of  data  sources  from  personal  interviews,  focus  groups,  media
sources,  public  reports  and  technical  studies  to  identify  how  institutional,  civic  leaders and citizens are responding to  the presence of homeless people in the city. The thesis is
that ending homelessness should be part of the process of revitalizing urban areas. Land is the support for the revitalization process but people with their hopes and dreams are the real asset of the city. And there will not be a livable downtown until everybody benefits from  the  revitalization process.  In  the  framework of  the  just city  this might  seem  like a utopian goal, but nonetheless,  its practical  realization does provide  a direction  to  strive for.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta comunicación corresponde a un intento de develar lo que podrán ser los escenarios futuros de la Unión Europea, teniendo en cuenta la complejidad de la gestión de un problema sin precedentes en su historia, es decir, por una parte, la salida de un Estado miembro-el Reino Unido-y, por otra parte, la multiplicidad de retos que tendrá que afrontar en los próximos años, en particular al nivel de la demografía (migraciones y envejecimiento de las estructuras de la población), de la seguridad energética y del cambio climático, de la seguridad, del capital humano y de la renovación del modelo económico, teniendo como punto de partida un amplio conjunto de estudios y documentos oficiales sobre estas temáticas. Tendremos como punto de partida documentación bibliográfica que, sobre este tema, ha venido a ser publicada desde mediados de la década pasada. Así, trataremos de analizar las diferentes perspectivas, incluidas en estudios y análisis, que autores como Philippe Defarges, Alberto Alesina y Francesco Giavazzi, Mark Leonard o Joergen Moeller han presentado sobre lo(s) camino(s) a los cuales la Unión Europea podrá/deberá recurrir a medio y largo plazo. En un segundo momento, intentaremos identificar, a partir de la documentación comunitaria, los cinco escenarios propuestos por la Comisión Europea: escenario 1: "seguir igual", escenario 2: "solo el mercado único", escenario 3: "los que desean hacer más, hacen más", escenario 4: "hacer menos pero de forma más eficiente" y escenario 5: "hacer mucho más conjuntamente". De este modo, vamos a comparar lo que podríamos designar de "visión académica", insertada en los diversos estudios y análisis a los que se ha referido anteriormente, con las recientes propuestas que, a este nivel, han sido presentadas por la Comisión Europea. Terminaremos nuestra comunicación con una "perspectiva de autor" en la construcción de escenarios, teniendo en cuenta el necesario pragmatismo que debe marcar los caminos futuros de la construcción comunitaria. INTRODUCCIÓN La Unión Europea (UE) vive momentos de incertidumbre, considerando la complejidad de la gestión de un problema sin precedentes en su historia, es decir, por una parte la salida de un 4 4 1 Los autores desean agradecer a la Lda. Sandra Pilar Paulino por la revisión final de este texto.